[271] The primary framework for this coordination is the Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP) which appealed for US$1.41 billion to meet the humanitarian needs of Syrians affected by the conflict. [309][310], During the course of the war, there have been several international peace initiatives, undertaken by the Arab League, the United Nations, and other actors. Al-Nusra-Al-Qaeda links ‘serve Assad regime ’ Syrian Observatory For Human Rights 14:37. By late 2012 the assortment of mostly secular… In this special feature, Britannica provides a guide to the civil war and explores the historical context of the conflict. US President Donald Trump tried to protect the Turkish President Erdogan from the effect of such sanctions. [179], On 19 August 2014, American journalist James Foley was executed by ISIL, who said it was in retaliation for the United States operations in Iraq. The United States, the EU, and the Arab League soon introduced sanctions targeting senior members of the Assad regime. The United States has provided food aid, medical supplies, emergency and basic health care, shelter materials, clean water, hygiene education and supplies, and other relief supplies. Since conflict erupted in Syria in March 2011, subsequent Executive Orders have been issued in response to the ongoing violence and human rights abuses taking place in Syria. The war has been a source of significant instability in the Middle East since 2011, and the resultant civilian displacement and refugee exodus constitute one of the worst humanitarian crises in modern history. Navi Pillay, UN high commissioner for human rights, stated that: "This is most likely a minimum casualty figure". [337], Numerous refugees remain in local refugee camps. The real toll was guessed to be over 100,000. [124], The total population in July 2018 was estimated at 19,454,263 people; ethnic groups – approximately Arab 50%, Alawite 15%, Kurd 10%, Levantine 10%, other 15% (includes Druze, Ismaili, Imami, Assyrian, Turkmen, Armenian); religions – Muslim 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (mainly of Eastern Christian churches[125] – may be smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country), Druze 3% and Jewish (few remaining in Damascus and Aleppo). PKK: 3,200+ killed[95], 116,911[95]–117,967[104] civilian deaths documented by opposition100 other foreign soldiers killed ( 60, 17 (pre-'16), 16, 7), Total killed: 387,118–593,000 (per SOHR)[95], The Syrian civil war (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية السورية‎, al-ḥarb al-ʾahlīyah as-sūrīyah) is an ongoing multi-sided civil war in Syria fought between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, along with domestic and foreign allies, and various domestic and foreign forces opposing both the Syrian government and each other in varying combinations.[109]. From early on, the uprising and the regime’s response had a sectarian dimension. The conflict in Syria is often referred to as a civil war, meaning a conflict between citizens of the same country. [368][369] The region does not state to pursue full independence but rather autonomy within a federal and democratic Syria. [284], Another aspect of the post war years will be how to repatriate the millions of refugees. [143] Fourth, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. [268], In June 2020, the United Nations reported that after more than nine years of war, Syria was falling into an even deeper crisis and economic deterioration as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Most of the victims were young men and many corpses were emaciated, bloodstained and bore signs of torture. A spate of deadly Israeli air raids and other attacks have created a conundrum for Iran and its intentions in Syria. ", "A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says", "U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead", "U.S. drone strike kills a senior Islamic State militant in Syria", "U.S. names ISIS commander killed in raid", "U.S.: ISIS No.2 killed in US drone strike in Iraq", "Inside the leadership of Islamic State: how the new 'caliphate' is run", "Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis war minister", "Top ISIL leaders killed in southern Syria", "Death of 'ISIL commander' in southern Syria a blow to the group", "The Syrian Democratic Council concludes its work by issuing the final communiqué", "New Operation Inherent Resolve commander continues fight against ISIL", "Top Syrian Kurdish commander Abu Layla killed by Isis sniper fire", "Senior SDF commander lost his life in Raqqa fighting IS", ISIS’ Iraq offensive could trigger Hezbollah to fill gap left in Syria, "Mission Accomplished? He noted that four million refugees out of the over eleven million refugees who need assistance are being reached through four specific international crossing points. [300] One year later this seems to be materializing, Iran and the Syrian government signed a deal where Iran would help rebuild the Syrian energy grid, which has taken damage to 50% of the grid. By late 2012 the assortment of mostly secular… [264], The World Health Organization has reported that 35% of the country's hospitals are out of service. The violence of the regime’s response added visibility and momentum to the protesters’ cause, and within weeks similar nonviolent protests had begun to appear in cities around the country. The U.S.-led international coalition, established in 2014 with the declared purpose of countering ISIL, has conducted airstrikes primarily against ISIL as well as some against government and pro-government targets. [364], The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (NES), also known as Rojava,[b] is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria. [305][306] Russia will also contribute to recovery efforts by the UN. https://www.britannica.com/event/Syrian-Civil-War, Council on Foreign Relations - Civil War in Syria, Federation of American Scientists - Congressional Research Service Reports - Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. [178] According to Jane's Defence Weekly, the missiles travelled 650–700 kilometres. [344], United Nations official Mark Lowcock is asking the UN to re-authorize cross-border aid to enable aid to continue to reach refugees in Syria. Between 2006 and 2010, Syria experienced the worst drought in the country’s modern history. But the Assad regime has only survived because of the political, economic and military life support it’s had from Russia, Iran and Hezbollah. Facing international sanctions, the Syrian government relied on criminal organizations to smuggle goods and money in and out of the country. On the eve of the uprising, then, Syrian society remained highly repressive, with increasingly conspicuous inequalities in wealth and privilege. Since 2012, the Council has adopted 23 resolutions on Syria or largely related to Syria. [169] One Buratino thermobaric rocket launcher "can obliterate a roughly 200 by 400 metres (660 by 1,310 feet) area with a single salvo". News. What began as protests against President Assad’s regime in 2011 quickly escalated into a full-scale war between the Syrian government—backed … The US Congress has enacted punitive sanctions on the Syrian government for its actions during the Civil War. Videos of security forces beating and firing at protesters—captured by witnesses on mobile phones—were circulated around the country and smuggled out to foreign media outlets.
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